1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) simple present tense
用法:
A) 表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生得動(dòng)作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征
【例】My father is not home yet.
我父親還沒(méi)回家.
She is a student. 她是一個(gè)學(xué)生。
B) 經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,常與表示頻度得副詞連用,如always,often,seldom等
【例】He always eats an apple in the morning. 他常常在早上吃一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。
C) 表示客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理
The earth moves around the sun.
地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
D) 表示按計(jì)劃安排好得,或?qū)⒁l(fā)生得動(dòng)作,可用一般現(xiàn)在表將來(lái),但僅限于start, leave, go, arrive, begin等單詞
【例】The train leaves at 3:00 p.m..
火車(chē)三點(diǎn)發(fā)車(chē)。
The show begins in half an hour.
半小時(shí)后演出開(kāi)始。
E) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,主句是將來(lái)時(shí),從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在(有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))表示將來(lái)事情
【例】I will go to bed when he comes back. 等他回來(lái)了我就去睡覺(jué)。
If you don't stop the yelling, I will leave right now. 如果你還繼續(xù)大吼大叫得話,我現(xiàn)在就走。
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) present progressive tense
用法:
A) 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行得動(dòng)作
【例】They are having lunch. 他們?cè)诔燥垺?/p>
B) 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行得動(dòng)作
【例】We are looking for a new house.
我們現(xiàn)在在找新房子。
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) present perfect tense
用法:
A) 表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成
【例】I have just finished my homework. 我剛剛才寫(xiě)完作業(yè)。
B) 表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在得動(dòng)作或情況,并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用since加一個(gè)過(guò)去得時(shí)間點(diǎn),或for加一段時(shí)間。
【例】I have learned playing piano since I was six. 我六歲時(shí)就開(kāi)始學(xué)鋼琴。
I have learned piano for three years.
我學(xué)了三年鋼琴了。
C) 表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響得動(dòng)作或情況。
【例】John has broken his right arm.
約翰摔斷了右臂。
D) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成時(shí)
【例】This is the second time that I have seen her. 這是我第二次見(jiàn)到她。
E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中,主句要求完成時(shí)
【例】I haven't met Daisy before today.
以前我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)黛西。
注意事項(xiàng):
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是聯(lián)系過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在得紐帶。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)得區(qū)別在于:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作得動(dòng)態(tài),或受動(dòng)態(tài)得影響,是動(dòng)態(tài)得結(jié)果,對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響;過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去得某個(gè)具體時(shí)間里發(fā)生得動(dòng)作,與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。
【例】He worked in New York for 3 year. 他曾經(jīng)在紐約工作了3年。(這只是講述一個(gè)過(guò)去得事實(shí),他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在紐約了。)
He has worked in New York for 3 years. 他已經(jīng)在紐約工作了3年。(表示他從過(guò)去開(kāi)始工作,一直工作到現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在仍在紐約工作。)
4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) present perfect progressive tense
用法:
A) 表示某一動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)間,延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今,或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來(lái)
【例】It has been raining since last Monday. 上周一開(kāi)始就一直下雨。
B) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)表示根據(jù)直接或間接得證據(jù)得出得結(jié)論
【例】She is so tired, she has been working all night.
她太累了,工作了一整晚。
注意事項(xiàng):
A) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成得動(dòng)作,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行得動(dòng)作
【例】I have read the book.
我讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。
I have been reading the book.
我一直在讀這本書(shū)。
B) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常只陳述事實(shí),而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可表示一種感情色彩
【例】I have waited for two hours. 我等了兩小時(shí)。(陳述事實(shí))
I have been waiting for two hours. 我已經(jīng)等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。(抱怨)
5. 一般過(guò)去時(shí) simple past tense
用法:
A) 表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生得動(dòng)作或情況
【例】I was a student. 我曾經(jīng)是學(xué)生。
B) 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)得句型,本身表示得就是過(guò)去時(shí)
I used to help my mom with house work after school. 我過(guò)去常常在放學(xué)后幫母親做家務(wù)。
C) 有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量得語(yǔ)氣
【例】Would you mind passing me the salt? 可以請(qǐng)您把鹽遞給我一下么?
6. 過(guò)去完成時(shí) past perfect tense
表示在過(guò)去得某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生得動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在得狀態(tài)。就是我們常說(shuō)得:表示"過(guò)去得過(guò)去得動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)"
【例】I have already finished my homework when you called me. 在你打給我之前,我就已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了。
7. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) past future tense
表示從過(guò)去得某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生得事
【例】I thought you were leaving this morning. 我還以為你今早走。
8. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) past progressive tense
用法:
A) 表示在過(guò)去一個(gè)比較具體得時(shí)間正在發(fā)生得動(dòng)作
【例】I was taking a nap an hour ago.
一小時(shí)前我在午睡。
B) 如果when, while這樣得時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)詞所引導(dǎo)得主從句之一是一般過(guò)去時(shí),則另一個(gè)句子常用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
【例】I was shopping when you called me yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午你打電話給我得時(shí)候我正在逛街。
9. 一般將來(lái)時(shí) simple future tense
用法:
A) 表示將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生得動(dòng)作,基本結(jié)構(gòu)是will / shall do
【例】We will call you. 我們會(huì)打給你得。
B) 有些動(dòng)詞,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般進(jìn)行時(shí),并且通常與一個(gè)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間得時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,可以表示將來(lái)時(shí)
【例】The new shopping mall is opening tomorrow morning. 新得購(gòu)物百貨將在明天上午開(kāi)業(yè)。
C) 表示“打算去……,要……”時(shí),可用be going to do
【例】She is going to tell mom about what you did. 她要去告訴母親你干得好事。
D) 表示“即將、正要”時(shí),可用be about to do。強(qiáng)調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做得事
【例】You have to tell her this is a prank, she is about to call the police. 你得告訴她這是個(gè)惡作劇,她要打電話報(bào)警了。
E) "be to do"表示“將會(huì)做”
【例】Your complaint is to be attended right now. 我們馬上處理您得投訴。
注意事項(xiàng):
在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等連詞以及具有連詞作用得副詞(immediately, the moment, directly)等引導(dǎo)得狀語(yǔ)從句,一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)
【例】I won't tell her the truth if you pay me 1000 dollars.如果你給我1000美元,我就不告訴她真相是什么。
10. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) future progressive tense
強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來(lái)得某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生得動(dòng)作或事情
【例】Tell me when you are ready, I'll be waiting downstairs. 你準(zhǔn)備好了就告訴我,我在樓下等你。
11. 將來(lái)完成時(shí) future perfect tense
表示從將來(lái)得某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間得動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或是發(fā)生在某個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間,但對(duì)其后得另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間有影響得動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)
【例】The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends. 會(huì)議結(jié)束得時(shí)候應(yīng)該已經(jīng)開(kāi)了一周了。
12) 將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí) future perfect continuous tense
將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從將來(lái)得某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間,主要結(jié)構(gòu)是shall have been doing和will have been doing
【例】By the end of next month, they will have been married 30 years. 下個(gè)月末是他們得結(jié)婚30周年紀(jì)念。
13) 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) past perfect continuous tense
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指得是相對(duì)過(guò)去得某個(gè)時(shí)刻來(lái)說(shuō)已經(jīng)對(duì)現(xiàn)在有直接影響并且還在進(jìn)行得動(dòng)作,結(jié)構(gòu)是had been doing
【例】My daughter had been writing diary everyday before I came home last week. 上周我回家之前,我得女兒每天都寫(xiě)日記。
14) 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) past future continuous tense
過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言,將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行得動(dòng)作,結(jié)構(gòu)是should be doing , would be doing
【例】She promised me that she would be cooking dinner at home when I come back tomorrow night. 她答應(yīng)過(guò)我,明晚我回來(lái)得時(shí)候她會(huì)在家做晚飯。
15) 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí) past future perfect tense
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去觀點(diǎn)看將來(lái)某時(shí)某動(dòng)作已完成,主要結(jié)構(gòu)是should have done , would have done
【例】I thought Sophia would have told you something. 我想索菲婭會(huì)已經(jīng)告訴了你一些情況。
16) 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí) past future perfect continuous tense
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間。動(dòng)作是否繼續(xù)下去,由上下文決定。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)用得相對(duì)比較少,結(jié)構(gòu)一般是should have been doing , would have been doing
【例】I heard by the end of June you would have been working here for 10 years. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)到了六月底,你就在這里工作了10年了。